Curtin, ‘Medical knowledge and you will urban planning from inside the tropical Africa’, AHR, 90, step 3 (June 1985), 594-613; Raymond F

Grillot, ‘Dans le Haut-Congo Fran9ais \ MC (19step 14), step one40-step 1

96 AOM, AP648, Decree to your production of an excellent Commune within Brazzaville, 5 October 1911; address out-of Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, ten (1910), 331; AOM, 4(2)D7, Yearly declaration away from Moyen-Congo, Brazzaville, 1911. 97 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 36. 98 Mandat-Grancey, Au Congo, 182. 99 Veistroffer, Vingt arts, 103; Baratier, Bien au Congo, 121. a hundred Colonel Moll, Une dme de colonial: lettres du Lieutenant-Colonel Moll (Paris, Emile-Paul, 1912), 10; Deschamps, De Bordeaux au Tchad, 22-5; Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44-6; Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, step three2-step 3, 3 8 ^ 0 . 101 Having metropolitan buildings inside colonial Africa, select, Philip D. Betts, Unsure proportions: west to another country empires from the twentieth century (Minneapolis: College of Minnesota Drive, 1985), 114-46; Odile Goerg, ‘Reflexion sur l’architecture europeenne le enough time de la cote africaine a good partir de- l’exemple de la Guinee’, for the Almeida-Topor and you will Riesz (eds.), Rencontres franco-allemandes sur VAfrique, 81-92; and you can Gwendolyn Wright, ‘Tradition regarding the services out-of modernity: architecture and urbanism in the French colonial coverage, 1900-1930’, Diary of contemporary Background, 59 (Summer 1987), 291-316. 102 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 34. 103 Towards record and you may need for the brand new Fourteenth from July in the Brazzaville, get a hold of Phyllis M. Martin, ‘National vacations transformed: the latest fourteenth of July from inside the Brazzaville’, report shown during the 30-seventh yearly fulfilling of your own African Training Association, Toronto, ps, ‘Rapport en ce qui concerne los angeles part de- Brazzaville’. 105 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, thirty six. 106 Message off Governor-Standard Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 337. 107 Gabrielle and you may Joseph Vassal, Franfais, Beige et Portugais durante Afrique Equatoriale (Paris: Pierre Roger, 1926), 42. 108 Headrick, ‘The feeling from colonialism with the health’, 221. 109 Curtin, ‘Medical degree and you will metropolitan planning’, 594-7. 110 Ibid., 598-609; also Headrick, ‘The impact out-of colonialism into the health’, 143-cuatro, 801-2. 111 Bonchamps, ‘Rapport sur la area de Brazzaville’. 112 Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44; Sautter, De VAtlantique aufleuve Congo, vol. We, 398. 113 Challaye, Le Congo Franfais, 219. 114 JO, ps, ‘Rapport sur la area de Brazzaville’; including AOM, 4(2)D1, Brazzaville Manager in order to Administrator-General in Libreville, thirteen July 1901. 116 Cited when you look at the Headrick, ‘The impact from colonialism into the health’, 383. 117 JO, 20 May 1905. 118 AGPSE, 510BVI, Annual accounts ‘Oeuvres de- la Sainte-Enfance’, 24 Oct 1901,step 1 January 1903,10 November 1912. 119 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 42. Chikouangue was a regard to manioc cash. 120 AOM, TP152, 1st show, Objective Fillon, Report from Meters. Henri towards the Brazzaville associates, 1913. 121 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-nine.

Fehderau, The origin and you may growth of Kituba (Lingua Franca Kikongo) (Kisangani: Universite Libre du Congo, 1966) suggests that Kituba try a vocabulary of this slave-trade; William J

122 AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Mission Diary, 30 May 1908; Roentgen. P. C. 123 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-nine. 124 Come across, instance, J.-P. Chretien and you may Grams. Prunier (eds.), Les ethnies ont une histoire (Paris: Karthala, 1989); Leroy Vail (ed.), The manufacture of tribalism during the southern Africa (London: James Currey, 1989; Chris Grey, Adaptation and you can social term: the creation of federal room for the outlying France and colonial room during the outlying Gabon (Bloomington: Indiana School Target Global Changes and you will Industry Serenity, 1994); Terence Ranger, The fresh new development from heritage inside colonial Africa’, from inside the Hobsbawm and you can Ranger (eds.), The new development away from society, 211-62, he features changed given that innovation from society reviewed: the actual situation of colonial Africa’, for the Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Legitimacy therefore the condition when you look at the twentieth 100 years Africa (London: Macmillan, 1993), 62-111. Regarding update of their essay, Ranger has been swayed, as well as others, by Benedict Anderson, Envisioned teams: reflections to your roots and you can bequeath off nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). 125 Harold W. Samarin, New roots out of Kituba and Lingala’, Record out-of African Dialects and you may Linguistics, twelve, 1 (Sep 1991), 47-77, signifies conservative dating app Italy that its diffusion is actually significantly more about international rail workers from the straight down Congo. 126 ASMF, Elizabeth l l . Brev fran Kongo, Lindgren to SMF, 18 October 1911; B and you will E. no. step 1, Korr., Lindgren so you’re able to SMF, 11 November 1911; F. no. step one, Dagbok, twenty-two March 1914; Brev fran Kongo, Grams. An excellent. Hult so you’re able to SMF, 11 January 1918. 127 Message off Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 337. 128 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-9; AOM, 4(2)D13, Statement in the Pool region, Brazzaville, May 1913. 129 Mumbansa mwa Bawele, ‘Y a-t-il des Bangalas?’ Zaire-Afrique, 78 (arin, ‘The sources out-of Kituba and Lingala’, 47, 57-69, and you can ‘Bondjo ethnicity and you can colonial imagination’, Canadian Record out of African Studies, 18 (1984), 345-65. 130 ‘Brazzaville’, BPSE, twenty-five (1909-10), 511; AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Goal Log, 29 Could possibly get 1908,twenty-five September 1910,step one December 1913. 131 Pick chapters step three and you will 4. 132 Grillot, ‘Dans le Haut-Congo Francais’, 139; ‘Brazzaville’, BCPSE, twenty-seven (1913-14), 55; P. Augouard, Quarante-quatre annees au Congo (Evreux: Poussin, 1934), fifty, 72-3,105. 133 Girard,’Brazzaville’, 31, 29. 134 AOM, 4(2)D5, Administrative declaration, Moyen-Congo, September-November 1910. 135 Frederick Cooper, ‘Urban space, commercial big date, and you can wage work in Africa’, in the Fight with the urban area, 23. dos step 1